PittsburghV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000718

The impact of the metabotropic glutamate receptor and other gene family interaction networks on autism.

Identifieur interne : 000718 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000717; suivant : 000719

The impact of the metabotropic glutamate receptor and other gene family interaction networks on autism.

Source :

Nature Communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2014.

RBID : Hal:inserm-01009668

Abstract

Although multiple reports show that defective genetic networks underlie the aetiology of autism, few have translated into pharmacotherapeutic opportunities. Since drugs compete with endogenous small molecules for protein binding, many successful drugs target large gene families with multiple drug binding sites. Here we search for defective gene family interaction networks (GFINs) in 6,742 patients with the ASDs relative to 12,544 neurologically normal controls, to find potentially druggable genetic targets. We find significant enrichment of structural defects (P≤2.40E-09, 1.8-fold enrichment) in the metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM) GFIN, previously observed to impact attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Also, the MXD-MYC-MAX network of genes, previously implicated in cancer, is significantly enriched (P≤3.83E-23, 2.5-fold enrichment), as is the calmodulin 1 (CALM1) gene interaction network (P≤4.16E-04, 14.4-fold enrichment), which regulates voltage-independent calcium-activated action potentials at the neuronal synapse. We find that multiple defective gene family interactions underlie autism, presenting new translational opportunities to explore for therapeutic interventions.

Url:

http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01009668

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5074

Affiliations:

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Le document en format XML

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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gilbert, John" sort="Gilbert, John" uniqKey="Gilbert J" first="John" last="Gilbert">John Gilbert</name>
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            <ref type="url">http://welcome.miami.edu</ref>
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</tutelles>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duketis, Eftichia" sort="Duketis, Eftichia" uniqKey="Duketis E" first="Eftichia" last="Duketis">Eftichia Duketis</name>
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<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="De Jonge, Maretha" sort="De Jonge, Maretha" uniqKey="De Jonge M" first="Maretha" last="De Jonge">Maretha De Jonge</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Pays-Bas</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cuccaro, Michael" sort="Cuccaro, Michael" uniqKey="Cuccaro M" first="Michael" last="Cuccaro">Michael Cuccaro</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine> 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://welcome.miami.edu</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Correia, Catarina" sort="Correia, Catarina" uniqKey="Correia C" first="Catarina" last="Correia">Catarina Correia</name>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Conroy, Judith" sort="Conroy, Judith" uniqKey="Conroy J" first="Judith" last="Conroy">Judith Conroy</name>
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<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Conceicao, Ines" sort="Conceicao, Ines" uniqKey="Conceicao I" first="Inês" last="Conceição">Inês Conceição</name>
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          </desc>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiocchetti, Andreas" sort="Chiocchetti, Andreas" uniqKey="Chiocchetti A" first="Andreas" last="Chiocchetti">Andreas Chiocchetti</name>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Casey, Jillian" sort="Casey, Jillian" uniqKey="Casey J" first="Jillian" last="Casey">Jillian Casey</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UCD</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.ucd.ie/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolshakova, Nadia" sort="Bolshakova, Nadia" uniqKey="Bolshakova N" first="Nadia" last="Bolshakova">Nadia Bolshakova</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland </addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-22205" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bacchelli, Elena" sort="Bacchelli, Elena" uniqKey="Bacchelli E" first="Elena" last="Bacchelli">Elena Bacchelli</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNIBO</orgName>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
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<country>Italie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Anney, Richard" sort="Anney, Richard" uniqKey="Anney R" first="Richard" last="Anney">Richard Anney</name>
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          </listRelation>
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<tutelle active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-22205" status="VALID">          <orgName>Trinity College Dublin</orgName>
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<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie" sort="Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie" uniqKey="Zwaigenbaum L" first="Lonnie" last="Zwaigenbaum">Lonnie Zwaigenbaum</name>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wittemeyer, Kerstin" sort="Wittemeyer, Kerstin" uniqKey="Wittemeyer K" first="Kerstin" last="Wittemeyer">Kerstin Wittemeyer</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Birmingham B15 2TT</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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</tutelles>
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<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallace, Simon" sort="Wallace, Simon" uniqKey="Wallace S" first="Simon" last="Wallace">Simon Wallace</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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        </org>
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<tutelle active="#struct-322847" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-322847" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Warneford Hospital</orgName>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Engeland, Herman" sort="Van Engeland, Herman" uniqKey="Van Engeland H" first="Herman" last="Van Engeland">Herman Van Engeland</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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<tutelle active="#struct-361530" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-361530" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Brain Center Rudolf Magnus</orgName>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>Pays-Bas</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soorya, Latha" sort="Soorya, Latha" uniqKey="Soorya L" first="Latha" last="Soorya">Latha Soorya</name>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roge, Bernadette" sort="Roge, Bernadette" uniqKey="Roge B" first="Bernadette" last="Rogé">Bernadette Rogé</name>
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          <idno type="RNSR">200715400N</idno>
          <orgName>Octogone Unité de Recherche Interdisciplinaire</orgName>
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          <date type="start">2007-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2015-12-31</date>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (campus Mirail), Maison de la Recherche  5, Allées A. Machado 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9</addrLine>
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          <orgName>Université Toulouse 2</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UT2</orgName>
          <date type="start">1971-01-01</date>
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<country>France</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Wendy" sort="Roberts, Wendy" uniqKey="Roberts W" first="Wendy" last="Roberts">Wendy Roberts</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8</addrLine>
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<tutelle active="#struct-305187" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305187" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>The Hospital for Sick Children</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poustka, Fritz" sort="Poustka, Fritz" uniqKey="Poustka F" first="Fritz" last="Poustka">Fritz Poustka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-112863" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Senckenberganlage 31 - 60325 Frankfurt am Main</addrLine>
              <country key="DE"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
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          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-302435" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-302435" status="VALID">          <orgName>Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 , 60323 Frankfurt am Main</addrLine>
              <country key="DE"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mouga, Susana" sort="Mouga, Susana" uniqKey="Mouga S" first="Susana" last="Mouga">Susana Mouga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128866" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
              <country key="PT"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minshew, Nancy" sort="Minshew, Nancy" uniqKey="Minshew N" first="Nancy" last="Minshew">Nancy Minshew</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128859" status="VALID">          <orgName>Department of Psychiatry [Pittsburgh]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Thomas Detre Hall of the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/</ref>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-309229" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-309229" status="VALID">          <orgName>University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine [Pittsburgh]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>4200 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15260</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.pitt.edu/</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcgrew, Susan" sort="Mcgrew, Susan" uniqKey="Mcgrew S" first="Susan" last="Mcgrew">Susan Mcgrew</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253297" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Department of Pediatrics</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Nashville, TN 37232</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-360534" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-360534" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-360534" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Vanderbilt University</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lord, Catherine" sort="Lord, Catherine" uniqKey="Lord C" first="Catherine" last="Lord">Catherine Lord</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253298" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Center for Autism and the Developing Brain</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CADB</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1305 York Ave, Manhattan, NY 10065</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-360535" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-360535" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-360535" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leboyer, Marion" sort="Leboyer, Marion" uniqKey="Leboyer M" first="Marion" last="Leboyer">Marion Leboyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-266797" status="VALID">          <idno type="RNSR">200919261B</idno>
          <idno type="IdRef">151294895</idno>
          <orgName>Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IMRB</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>8 rue du Général Sarrail 94010 Créteil</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.imrb.inserm.fr/</ref>
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          <listRelation>            <relation name="U955" active="#struct-303623" type="direct"></relation>
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          <orgName>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INSERM</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>101, rue de Tolbiac, 75013 Paris </addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.inserm.fr</ref>
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<tutelle active="#struct-305148" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305148" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>IFR10</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
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<tutelle active="#struct-420786" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-420786" status="VALID">          <orgName>Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UPEC UP12</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>61 avenue du Général de Gaulle - 94010 Créteil cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.u-pec.fr/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Le Couteur, Ann" sort="Le Couteur, Ann" uniqKey="Le Couteur A" first="Ann" last="Le Couteur">Ann Le Couteur</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-56422" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Institute of Health and Society</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Newcastle Upon Tyne</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-252912" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-252912" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-252912" status="VALID">          <orgName>Newcastle University [Newcastle]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Newcastle upon Tyne  NE1 7RU</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kolevzon, Alexander" sort="Kolevzon, Alexander" uniqKey="Kolevzon A" first="Alexander" last="Kolevzon">Alexander Kolevzon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-258914" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>New York 10029</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-354552" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-354552" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-354552" status="VALID">          <orgName>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1 Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029-5674</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://icahn.mssm.edu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacob, Suma" sort="Jacob, Suma" uniqKey="Jacob S" first="Suma" last="Jacob">Suma Jacob</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-258931" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Institute for Juvenile Research and Department of Psychiatry</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Chicago, Illinois 60608</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-367491" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-367491" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-367491" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Illinois at Chicago</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">UIC</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>1200 West Harrison St., Chicago, Illinois 60607</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.uic.edu</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guter, Stephen" sort="Guter, Stephen" uniqKey="Guter S" first="Stephen" last="Guter">Stephen Guter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-258931" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Institute for Juvenile Research and Department of Psychiatry</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Chicago, Illinois 60608</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-367491" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-367491" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-367491" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Illinois at Chicago</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">UIC</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>1200 West Harrison St., Chicago, Illinois 60607</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.uic.edu</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green, Jonathan" sort="Green, Jonathan" uniqKey="Green J" first="Jonathan" last="Green">Jonathan Green</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-112882" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Manchester M13 9NT</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-342593" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-342593" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-342593" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green, Andrew" sort="Green, Andrew" uniqKey="Green A" first="Andrew" last="Green">Andrew Green</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128862" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Academic Centre on Rare Diseases</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>School of Medicine & Medical Science - Belfield, Dublin 4, Co. Dublin</addrLine>
              <country key="IE"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-83934" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-83934" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-83934" status="VALID">          <orgName>University College Dublin [Dublin]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UCD</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Belfield, Dublin 4</addrLine>
              <country key="IE"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ucd.ie/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gillberg, Christopher" sort="Gillberg, Christopher" uniqKey="Gillberg C" first="Christopher" last="Gillberg">Christopher Gillberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-239304" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Vasagatan 33, 411 37 Göteborg</addrLine>
              <country key="SE"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-302294" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-302294" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-302294" status="VALID">          <orgName>University of Gothenburg </orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">GU</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg</addrLine>
              <country key="SE"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.gu.se/english</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Suède</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Bridget" sort="Fernandez, Bridget" uniqKey="Fernandez B" first="Bridget" last="Fernandez">Bridget Fernandez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128941" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>St. John's Newfoundland</addrLine>
              <country key="CA"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-303426" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303426" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303426" status="VALID">          <orgName>Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>St. John's, NL A1B 3X5</addrLine>
              <country key="CA"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.mun.ca</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duque, Frederico" sort="Duque, Frederico" uniqKey="Duque F" first="Frederico" last="Duque">Frederico Duque</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128866" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
              <country key="PT"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Delorme, Richard" sort="Delorme, Richard" uniqKey="Delorme R" first="Richard" last="Delorme">Richard Delorme</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>94010 Créteil</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-341112" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-341112" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-341112" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Foundation Fondamental</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dawson, Geraldine" sort="Dawson, Geraldine" uniqKey="Dawson G" first="Geraldine" last="Dawson">Geraldine Dawson</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Durham, NC 27710</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-324637" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-324637" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-324637" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Duke University School of Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cafe, Catia" sort="Cafe, Catia" uniqKey="Cafe C" first="Cátia" last="Café">Cátia Café</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128866" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
              <country key="PT"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brennan, Sean" sort="Brennan, Sean" uniqKey="Brennan S" first="Sean" last="Brennan">Sean Brennan</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland </addrLine>
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          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-445855" type="direct"></relation>
            <relation active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2</addrLine>
              <country key="IE"></country>
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            <ref type="url">https://medicine.tcd.ie/</ref>
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          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-22205" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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<tutelle active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-22205" status="VALID">          <orgName>Trinity College Dublin</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.tcd.ie/</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bourgeron, Thomas" sort="Bourgeron, Thomas" uniqKey="Bourgeron T" first="Thomas" last="Bourgeron">Thomas Bourgeron</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>94010 Créteil</addrLine>
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          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-341112" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-341112" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-341112" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Foundation Fondamental</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
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<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bolton, Patrick" sort="Bolton, Patrick" uniqKey="Bolton P" first="Patrick" last="Bolton">Patrick Bolton</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.kcl.ac.uk</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolte, Sven" sort="Bolte, Sven" uniqKey="Bolte S" first="Sven" last="Bölte">Sven Bölte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-112863" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernier, Raphael" sort="Bernier, Raphael" uniqKey="Bernier R" first="Raphael" last="Bernier">Raphael Bernier</name>
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          </desc>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Seattle, Washington 98105</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baird, Gillian" sort="Baird, Gillian" uniqKey="Baird G" first="Gillian" last="Baird">Gillian Baird</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253303" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Paediatric Neurodisability</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-360567" type="direct"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-327716" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-327716" status="VALID">          <orgName>King‘s College London [London]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.kcl.ac.uk</ref>
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        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bailey, Anthony" sort="Bailey, Anthony" uniqKey="Bailey A" first="Anthony" last="Bailey">Anthony Bailey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-131765" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">SGDP</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Strand, London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-327716" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-327716" status="VALID">          <orgName>King‘s College London [London]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.kcl.ac.uk</ref>
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        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anagnostou, Evdokia" sort="Anagnostou, Evdokia" uniqKey="Anagnostou E" first="Evdokia" last="Anagnostou">Evdokia Anagnostou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253304" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Bloorview Research Institute</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Toronto, ON M4G 1R8</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>27 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A1</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.utoronto.ca/</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Joana" sort="Almeida, Joana" uniqKey="Almeida J" first="Joana" last="Almeida">Joana Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128866" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wijsman, Ellen" sort="Wijsman, Ellen" uniqKey="Wijsman E" first="Ellen" last="Wijsman">Ellen Wijsman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="department" xml:id="struct-253305" status="VALID">          <orgName>Division of Medical Genetics [Seattle]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Seattle, WA 98195-9460</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://depts.washington.edu/medgen/</ref>
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          </listRelation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Seattle, Washington 98105</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vieland, Veronica" sort="Vieland, Veronica" uniqKey="Vieland V" first="Veronica" last="Vieland">Veronica Vieland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-150256" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>700 Childrens Dr, Columbus, OH 43205</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-86555" type="direct"></relation>
            <relation active="#struct-337759" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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<orgName type="acronym">OSU</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Ohio State University Enarson Hall 154 W 12th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.osu.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-337759" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-337759" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Nationwide Children's Hospital</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vicente, Astrid" sort="Vicente, Astrid" uniqKey="Vicente A" first="Astrid" last="Vicente">Astrid Vicente</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128863" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1600-149 Lisboa</addrLine>
              <country key="PT"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-360533" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-360533" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-360533" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schellenberg, Gerard" sort="Schellenberg, Gerard" uniqKey="Schellenberg G" first="Gerard" last="Schellenberg">Gerard Schellenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253295" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Perelman School of Medicine, UPenn - Philadelphia, PA 19104</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-115889" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-115889" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-115889" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>3451 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 | 215-898-5000</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.upenn.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret" last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret Pericak-Vance</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128942" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miami, Florida 33136</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-487994" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine> 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146</addrLine>
              <country key="US"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://welcome.miami.edu</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paterson, Andrew" sort="Paterson, Andrew" uniqKey="Paterson A" first="Andrew" last="Paterson">Andrew Paterson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128857" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-310611" type="direct"></relation>
            <relation active="#struct-363679" type="direct"></relation>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-310611" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-310611" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital for Sick Children</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-363679" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-363679" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parr, Jeremy" sort="Parr, Jeremy" uniqKey="Parr J" first="Jeremy" last="Parr">Jeremy Parr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-239877" status="VALID">          <orgName>Institute of Neuroscience [Newcastle]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ION</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Henry Wellcome Building for Neuroecology Newcastle University Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ion/about/</ref>
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          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-252912" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-252912" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-252912" status="VALID">          <orgName>Newcastle University [Newcastle]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Newcastle upon Tyne  NE1 7RU</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Guiomar" sort="Oliveira, Guiomar" uniqKey="Oliveira G" first="Guiomar" last="Oliveira">Guiomar Oliveira</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nurnberger, John" sort="Nurnberger, John" uniqKey="Nurnberger J" first="John" last="Nurnberger">John Nurnberger</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Indianapolis, Indiana 46202</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-321989" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-321989" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-321989" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Indiana University School of Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monaco, Anthony" sort="Monaco, Anthony" uniqKey="Monaco A" first="Anthony" last="Monaco">Anthony Monaco</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128858" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Roosevelt Drive - Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-302612" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-302612" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-302612" status="VALID">          <orgName>University of Oxford [Oxford]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maestrini, Elena" sort="Maestrini, Elena" uniqKey="Maestrini E" first="Elena" last="Maestrini">Elena Maestrini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-57919" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
              <country key="IT"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-30978" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-30978" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-30978" status="VALID">          <orgName>Università di Bologna [Bologna]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNIBO</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/default.htm</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Italie</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klauck, Sabine" sort="Klauck, Sabine" uniqKey="Klauck S" first="Sabine" last="Klauck">Sabine Klauck</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-113353" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Division of Molecular Genome Analysis</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-304786" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-304786" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-304786" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>German Cancer Research Center</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan" sort="Haines, Jonathan" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan" last="Haines">Jonathan Haines</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128988" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Vanderbilt Brain Institute</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Center for Human Genetics Research - Nashville, Tennessee 37232</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331256" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331256" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331256" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Vanderbilt University Medical Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geschwind, Daniel" sort="Geschwind, Daniel" uniqKey="Geschwind D" first="Daniel" last="Geschwind">Daniel Geschwind</name>
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<country>Allemagne</country>
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<country>Italie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Sutcliffe, James" sort="Sutcliffe, James" uniqKey="Sutcliffe J" first="James" last="Sutcliffe">James Sutcliffe</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cook, Edwin" sort="Cook, Edwin" uniqKey="Cook E" first="Edwin" last="Cook">Edwin Cook</name>
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</address>
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<tutelle active="#struct-363678" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-363678" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Betancur, Catalina" sort="Betancur, Catalina" uniqKey="Betancur C" first="Catalina" last="Betancur">Catalina Betancur</name>
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          <orgName>Neuroscience Paris Seine</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Scherer, Stephen" sort="Scherer, Stephen" uniqKey="Scherer S" first="Stephen" last="Scherer">Stephen Scherer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Glessner, Joseph" sort="Glessner, Joseph" uniqKey="Glessner J" first="Joseph" last="Glessner">Joseph Glessner</name>
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</address>
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<author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name>
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</address>
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<idno type="halId">inserm-01009668</idno>
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<idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms5074</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The impact of the metabotropic glutamate receptor and other gene family interaction networks on autism.</title>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duketis, Eftichia" sort="Duketis, Eftichia" uniqKey="Duketis E" first="Eftichia" last="Duketis">Eftichia Duketis</name>
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</tutelles>
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<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="De Jonge, Maretha" sort="De Jonge, Maretha" uniqKey="De Jonge M" first="Maretha" last="De Jonge">Maretha De Jonge</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Pays-Bas</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cuccaro, Michael" sort="Cuccaro, Michael" uniqKey="Cuccaro M" first="Michael" last="Cuccaro">Michael Cuccaro</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miami, Florida 33136</addrLine>
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          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-487994" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-487994" status="VALID">          <orgName>University of Miami [Coral Gables]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine> 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://welcome.miami.edu</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Correia, Catarina" sort="Correia, Catarina" uniqKey="Correia C" first="Catarina" last="Correia">Catarina Correia</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1600-149 Lisboa</addrLine>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Conroy, Judith" sort="Conroy, Judith" uniqKey="Conroy J" first="Judith" last="Conroy">Judith Conroy</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UCD</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Belfield, Dublin 4</addrLine>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Conceicao, Ines" sort="Conceicao, Ines" uniqKey="Conceicao I" first="Inês" last="Conceição">Inês Conceição</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1600-149 Lisboa</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiocchetti, Andreas" sort="Chiocchetti, Andreas" uniqKey="Chiocchetti A" first="Andreas" last="Chiocchetti">Andreas Chiocchetti</name>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Casey, Jillian" sort="Casey, Jillian" uniqKey="Casey J" first="Jillian" last="Casey">Jillian Casey</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UCD</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.ucd.ie/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolshakova, Nadia" sort="Bolshakova, Nadia" uniqKey="Bolshakova N" first="Nadia" last="Bolshakova">Nadia Bolshakova</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland </addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          </listRelation>
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<tutelle active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-22205" status="VALID">          <orgName>Trinity College Dublin</orgName>
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          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bacchelli, Elena" sort="Bacchelli, Elena" uniqKey="Bacchelli E" first="Elena" last="Bacchelli">Elena Bacchelli</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNIBO</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/default.htm</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
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<country>Italie</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anney, Richard" sort="Anney, Richard" uniqKey="Anney R" first="Richard" last="Anney">Richard Anney</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland </addrLine>
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          </listRelation>
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<tutelle active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-22205" status="VALID">          <orgName>Trinity College Dublin</orgName>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie" sort="Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie" uniqKey="Zwaigenbaum L" first="Lonnie" last="Zwaigenbaum">Lonnie Zwaigenbaum</name>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wittemeyer, Kerstin" sort="Wittemeyer, Kerstin" uniqKey="Wittemeyer K" first="Kerstin" last="Wittemeyer">Kerstin Wittemeyer</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Birmingham B15 2TT</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-421435" type="direct"></relation>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallace, Simon" sort="Wallace, Simon" uniqKey="Wallace S" first="Simon" last="Wallace">Simon Wallace</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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<tutelle active="#struct-322847" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-322847" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Warneford Hospital</orgName>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Engeland, Herman" sort="Van Engeland, Herman" uniqKey="Van Engeland H" first="Herman" last="Van Engeland">Herman Van Engeland</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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<tutelle active="#struct-361530" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-361530" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Brain Center Rudolf Magnus</orgName>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>Pays-Bas</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Soorya, Latha" sort="Soorya, Latha" uniqKey="Soorya L" first="Latha" last="Soorya">Latha Soorya</name>
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            </address>
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</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roge, Bernadette" sort="Roge, Bernadette" uniqKey="Roge B" first="Bernadette" last="Rogé">Bernadette Rogé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-117671" status="OLD">          <idno type="IdRef">167341626</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">200715400N</idno>
          <orgName>Octogone Unité de Recherche Interdisciplinaire</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Octogone</orgName>
          <date type="start">2007-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2015-12-31</date>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (campus Mirail), Maison de la Recherche  5, Allées A. Machado 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9</addrLine>
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          <orgName>Université Toulouse 2</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UT2</orgName>
          <date type="start">1971-01-01</date>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.univ-tlse2.fr</ref>
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<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Wendy" sort="Roberts, Wendy" uniqKey="Roberts W" first="Wendy" last="Roberts">Wendy Roberts</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8</addrLine>
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<tutelle active="#struct-305187" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305187" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>The Hospital for Sick Children</orgName>
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<country>Canada</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poustka, Fritz" sort="Poustka, Fritz" uniqKey="Poustka F" first="Fritz" last="Poustka">Fritz Poustka</name>
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<country>Allemagne</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Mouga, Susana" sort="Mouga, Susana" uniqKey="Mouga S" first="Susana" last="Mouga">Susana Mouga</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
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<country>Portugal</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Minshew, Nancy" sort="Minshew, Nancy" uniqKey="Minshew N" first="Nancy" last="Minshew">Nancy Minshew</name>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcgrew, Susan" sort="Mcgrew, Susan" uniqKey="Mcgrew S" first="Susan" last="Mcgrew">Susan Mcgrew</name>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Lord, Catherine" sort="Lord, Catherine" uniqKey="Lord C" first="Catherine" last="Lord">Catherine Lord</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">CADB</orgName>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Leboyer, Marion" sort="Leboyer, Marion" uniqKey="Leboyer M" first="Marion" last="Leboyer">Marion Leboyer</name>
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          <orgName>Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale</orgName>
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<tutelle active="#struct-305148" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305148" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>IFR10</orgName>
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            </address>
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<tutelle active="#struct-420786" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-420786" status="VALID">          <orgName>Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12</orgName>
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<country>France</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Le Couteur, Ann" sort="Le Couteur, Ann" uniqKey="Le Couteur A" first="Ann" last="Le Couteur">Ann Le Couteur</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Newcastle Upon Tyne</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kolevzon, Alexander" sort="Kolevzon, Alexander" uniqKey="Kolevzon A" first="Alexander" last="Kolevzon">Alexander Kolevzon</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>New York 10029</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://icahn.mssm.edu/</ref>
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</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Jacob, Suma" sort="Jacob, Suma" uniqKey="Jacob S" first="Suma" last="Jacob">Suma Jacob</name>
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</address>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guter, Stephen" sort="Guter, Stephen" uniqKey="Guter S" first="Stephen" last="Guter">Stephen Guter</name>
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          </desc>
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<orgName type="acronym">UIC</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>1200 West Harrison St., Chicago, Illinois 60607</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.uic.edu</ref>
</desc>
</org>
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</tutelles>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green, Jonathan" sort="Green, Jonathan" uniqKey="Green J" first="Jonathan" last="Green">Jonathan Green</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Manchester M13 9NT</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-342593" type="direct"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green, Andrew" sort="Green, Andrew" uniqKey="Green A" first="Andrew" last="Green">Andrew Green</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>School of Medicine & Medical Science - Belfield, Dublin 4, Co. Dublin</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-83934" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UCD</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Belfield, Dublin 4</addrLine>
              <country key="IE"></country>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gillberg, Christopher" sort="Gillberg, Christopher" uniqKey="Gillberg C" first="Christopher" last="Gillberg">Christopher Gillberg</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Vasagatan 33, 411 37 Göteborg</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-302294" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-302294" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-302294" status="VALID">          <orgName>University of Gothenburg </orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">GU</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.gu.se/english</ref>
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        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Suède</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Bridget" sort="Fernandez, Bridget" uniqKey="Fernandez B" first="Bridget" last="Fernandez">Bridget Fernandez</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>St. John's Newfoundland</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-303426" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>St. John's, NL A1B 3X5</addrLine>
              <country key="CA"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.mun.ca</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duque, Frederico" sort="Duque, Frederico" uniqKey="Duque F" first="Frederico" last="Duque">Frederico Duque</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Delorme, Richard" sort="Delorme, Richard" uniqKey="Delorme R" first="Richard" last="Delorme">Richard Delorme</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>94010 Créteil</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dawson, Geraldine" sort="Dawson, Geraldine" uniqKey="Dawson G" first="Geraldine" last="Dawson">Geraldine Dawson</name>
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          </desc>
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            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cafe, Catia" sort="Cafe, Catia" uniqKey="Cafe C" first="Cátia" last="Café">Cátia Café</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
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          </desc>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331220" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331220" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Hospital Pediatrico de Coimbra</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brennan, Sean" sort="Brennan, Sean" uniqKey="Brennan S" first="Sean" last="Brennan">Sean Brennan</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland </addrLine>
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          </listRelation>
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<tutelle active="#struct-22205" type="indirect"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-22205" status="VALID">          <orgName>Trinity College Dublin</orgName>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.tcd.ie/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bourgeron, Thomas" sort="Bourgeron, Thomas" uniqKey="Bourgeron T" first="Thomas" last="Bourgeron">Thomas Bourgeron</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>94010 Créteil</addrLine>
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          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>France</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolton, Patrick" sort="Bolton, Patrick" uniqKey="Bolton P" first="Patrick" last="Bolton">Patrick Bolton</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>London SE5 8AF</addrLine>
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<author><name sortKey="Bolte, Sven" sort="Bolte, Sven" uniqKey="Bolte S" first="Sven" last="Bölte">Sven Bölte</name>
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<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernier, Raphael" sort="Bernier, Raphael" uniqKey="Bernier R" first="Raphael" last="Bernier">Raphael Bernier</name>
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</tutelles>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baird, Gillian" sort="Baird, Gillian" uniqKey="Baird G" first="Gillian" last="Baird">Gillian Baird</name>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bailey, Anthony" sort="Bailey, Anthony" uniqKey="Bailey A" first="Anthony" last="Bailey">Anthony Bailey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-131765" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">SGDP</orgName>
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<tutelle active="#struct-327716" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-327716" status="VALID">          <orgName>King‘s College London [London]</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.kcl.ac.uk</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anagnostou, Evdokia" sort="Anagnostou, Evdokia" uniqKey="Anagnostou E" first="Evdokia" last="Anagnostou">Evdokia Anagnostou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253304" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Bloorview Research Institute</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Toronto, ON M4G 1R8</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.utoronto.ca/</ref>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
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<region type="state">Ontario</region>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Joana" sort="Almeida, Joana" uniqKey="Almeida J" first="Joana" last="Almeida">Joana Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128866" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wijsman, Ellen" sort="Wijsman, Ellen" uniqKey="Wijsman E" first="Ellen" last="Wijsman">Ellen Wijsman</name>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vieland, Veronica" sort="Vieland, Veronica" uniqKey="Vieland V" first="Veronica" last="Vieland">Veronica Vieland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-150256" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>700 Childrens Dr, Columbus, OH 43205</addrLine>
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          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-86555" type="direct"></relation>
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<orgName type="acronym">OSU</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Ohio State University Enarson Hall 154 W 12th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.osu.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-337759" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-337759" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Nationwide Children's Hospital</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vicente, Astrid" sort="Vicente, Astrid" uniqKey="Vicente A" first="Astrid" last="Vicente">Astrid Vicente</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128863" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>1600-149 Lisboa</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-360533" type="direct"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schellenberg, Gerard" sort="Schellenberg, Gerard" uniqKey="Schellenberg G" first="Gerard" last="Schellenberg">Gerard Schellenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-253295" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Perelman School of Medicine, UPenn - Philadelphia, PA 19104</addrLine>
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<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.upenn.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret" last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret Pericak-Vance</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128942" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miami, Florida 33136</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
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          </listRelation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine> 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://welcome.miami.edu</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paterson, Andrew" sort="Paterson, Andrew" uniqKey="Paterson A" first="Andrew" last="Paterson">Andrew Paterson</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Centre for Applied Genomics - Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
<tutelle active="#struct-363679" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-363679" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parr, Jeremy" sort="Parr, Jeremy" uniqKey="Parr J" first="Jeremy" last="Parr">Jeremy Parr</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">ION</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Henry Wellcome Building for Neuroecology Newcastle University Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH</addrLine>
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            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ion/about/</ref>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Newcastle upon Tyne  NE1 7RU</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/</ref>
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        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Guiomar" sort="Oliveira, Guiomar" uniqKey="Oliveira G" first="Guiomar" last="Oliveira">Guiomar Oliveira</name>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNDA</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Rua Doutor Afonso Romão, 3030 Coimbra</addrLine>
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          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-331220" type="direct"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
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</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Portugal</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nurnberger, John" sort="Nurnberger, John" uniqKey="Nurnberger J" first="John" last="Nurnberger">John Nurnberger</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Indianapolis, Indiana 46202</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-321989" type="direct"></relation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monaco, Anthony" sort="Monaco, Anthony" uniqKey="Monaco A" first="Anthony" last="Monaco">Anthony Monaco</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-128858" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Roosevelt Drive - Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>            <relation active="#struct-302612" type="direct"></relation>
          </listRelation>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD</addrLine>
              <country key="GB"></country>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maestrini, Elena" sort="Maestrini, Elena" uniqKey="Maestrini E" first="Elena" last="Maestrini">Elena Maestrini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-57919" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
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            </address>
          </desc>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UNIBO</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/default.htm</ref>
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        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Italie</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klauck, Sabine" sort="Klauck, Sabine" uniqKey="Klauck S" first="Sabine" last="Klauck">Sabine Klauck</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg</addrLine>
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          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Allemagne</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan" sort="Haines, Jonathan" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan" last="Haines">Jonathan Haines</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Center for Human Genetics Research - Nashville, Tennessee 37232</addrLine>
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          </desc>
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        <tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-331256" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-331256" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>Vanderbilt University Medical Centre</orgName>
          <desc>            <address>              <country key="FR"></country>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geschwind, Daniel" sort="Geschwind, Daniel" uniqKey="Geschwind D" first="Daniel" last="Geschwind">Daniel Geschwind</name>
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          <desc>            <address>              <addrLine>Center for Autism Research and Treatment - Semel Institute - Los Angeles, California 90095</addrLine>
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          <orgName type="acronym">UCLA</orgName>
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<tutelle active="#struct-363678" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-363678" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Betancur, Catalina" sort="Betancur, Catalina" uniqKey="Betancur C" first="Catalina" last="Betancur">Catalina Betancur</name>
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          <orgName>Neuroscience Paris Seine</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">NPS</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Scherer, Stephen" sort="Scherer, Stephen" uniqKey="Scherer S" first="Stephen" last="Scherer">Stephen Scherer</name>
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<tutelle active="#struct-363679" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-363679" status="INCOMING">          <orgName>University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Glessner, Joseph" sort="Glessner, Joseph" uniqKey="Glessner J" first="Joseph" last="Glessner">Joseph Glessner</name>
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</address>
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<author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name>
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</analytic>
<idno type="DOI">10.1038/ncomms5074</idno>
<series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2041-1723</idno>
<imprint><date type="datePub">2014</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although multiple reports show that defective genetic networks underlie the aetiology of autism, few have translated into pharmacotherapeutic opportunities. Since drugs compete with endogenous small molecules for protein binding, many successful drugs target large gene families with multiple drug binding sites. Here we search for defective gene family interaction networks (GFINs) in 6,742 patients with the ASDs relative to 12,544 neurologically normal controls, to find potentially druggable genetic targets. We find significant enrichment of structural defects (P≤2.40E-09, 1.8-fold enrichment) in the metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM) GFIN, previously observed to impact attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Also, the MXD-MYC-MAX network of genes, previously implicated in cancer, is significantly enriched (P≤3.83E-23, 2.5-fold enrichment), as is the calmodulin 1 (CALM1) gene interaction network (P≤4.16E-04, 14.4-fold enrichment), which regulates voltage-independent calcium-activated action potentials at the neuronal synapse. We find that multiple defective gene family interactions underlie autism, presenting new translational opportunities to explore for therapeutic interventions.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>France</li>
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The impact of the metabotropic glutamate receptor and other gene family interaction networks on autism.

The impact of the metabotropic glutamate receptor and other gene family interaction networks on autism.

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Abstract

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